The meaning of development in peri-urban spaces; A phenomenological study (Case: Rasht city)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD student in Economic Sociology and Development, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Focusing solely on urban areas and neglecting the organization of marginalized areas in cities has led to the development and worsening of peri-urbanization and the emergence of ghettoized communities. This demonstrates a centralist approach. The initial step is identifying and prioritizing the key components of urban and rural environments to address this issue effectively. During a certain time period, the rise of individualism led certain individuals to form clans within their social and cultural traditions, separating themselves from others and taking advantage of the city's resources. Everyone is assigned social roles and obligations from birth through regulations and social contracts. The key to fulfilling these roles is through social relationships. These connections between individuals lead to solidarity and overlapping networks, but they may not fully integrate into each other's situations. Some individuals are marginalized and exist on the outskirts of society without any support systems. They are excluded from benefiting from the wealth accumulation and power that some large urban centers enjoy due to the concentration of capital in specific areas. A significant portion of the population is marginalized and unable to compete. As a result, they are drawn to informal urban employment opportunities, which puts a strain on both themselves and the city's resources. In order to meet their needs, they often resort to unreliable and illegal employment, which highlights the lack of legal oversight over urban resources, disrupts the city's spatial organization, and contributes to the growth of informal urban settlements.
 
Methodology
Phenomenology is a useful tool for gaining a more profound comprehension of the essence and significance of everyday occurrences. Generally speaking, phenomenological research assumes that analyzing life experiences, including the complex process of phenomena, personal traits and behaviors of individuals related to the phenomenon in question, and any other related concepts, can lead to a better understanding of the topic and provide insight through data collected from research participants. This specific research can offer valuable and authentic insights into the phenomenon being studied.
 
Results and discussion
In qualitative research, the central focus is on developing powerful characters or hidden income margins within the city. This involves utilizing the social order of daily life to organize the various components and details of the city effectively. Urban management must consider each structure's efficiency to optimize the city's economic, social, cultural, and political aspects. Doing so can create plans with feedback and efficiency that help control the city. Unfortunately, peri-urbanization, or the city's outskirts, is one of the most neglected areas. However, it is possible to functionalize the city's outskirts and avoid neglect if we consider this aspect in our planning.
 
Conclusion
The acquisition of knowledge and dissemination of information has resulted in increased interactions and a better understanding of one's role as a citizen. This, in turn, has led to the promotion and development of interpersonal respect and better social relations, as evidenced by research. A lack of knowledge awareness in certain regions can weaken interpersonal communication. With greater ease of access to stores and a wider range of choices, shopping has become more convenient and enjoyable for residents of suburban areas. These new styles have made them feel more comfortable and at ease. Improved communication routes between cities and their outskirts have led to the development of these areas, which is supported by research by Kubesh and Ordnichek (2022) and Nasiri and Handeh Khale et al. (1400). This has resulted in the removal of restrictions easier access to neighborhoods and a reduction in the attitude of separating these areas from cities. As a result, residents feel more satisfied than ever before.
Sustainable development aims to benefit the majority of society through the fair distribution of development opportunities and their effects. This includes prioritizing and meeting the needs of people experiencing poverty. Poverty and sustainability have an inverse relationship, meaning reducing poverty and balancing social and economic classes is necessary for achieving sustainability. Alinqipour et al. (1400) also support this perspective.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

پوررجبی. میلاد؛ مجدی. علی‌اکبر (1398). عوامل مؤثر بر قانون‌گریزی در مناطق حاشیه‌نشین شهر مشهد. فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان. دوره13. شماره 52. شماره صفحات: 35-60.
پوررمضان؛ عیسی (1399). تحلیل میزان مشارکت جامعه محلی در توسعه سکونتگاه‌های پیراشهری مورد: خشکبیجار در شهرستان رشت. فصلنامه توسعه فضاهای پیراشهری. دوره 2. شماره2. شماره صفحات: 95-110.
علینقی پور. مریم؛ پوررمضان. عیسی؛ مولائی. هشجین نصراله (1400). تبیین زیست‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی پیرامون کلانشهر رشت. فصلنامه توسعه فضاهای پیراشهری. دوره 3. شماره6.  شماره صفحات: 107-128.
نصیری هندخاله. اسماعیل؛ امیرانتخابی. شهرام؛ تاج. سروش (1400). پایش زیست‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های ناکارآمد پیراشهری کلانشهر رشت مورد محله عینک. فصلنامه توسعه فضاهای پیراشهری. دوره 3. شماره6.  شماره صفحات: 129-146.
Abass, A. S., & Kucukmehmetoglu, M. (2021). Transforming slums in Ghana: The urban regeneration approach. Cities, 116, 103284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103284
Abdillah, K. K., Abdul Manaf, A., & Awang, A. H. (2022). Land tenure security for low-income residents' urban livelihoods: A human development approach review of temporary occupation license. Land Use Policy, 119, 106223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106223
Adinarayana, B., & Mir, M. S. (2020). Development of Bicycle Safety Index Models for Safety of Bicycle Flow at 3-Legged Junctions on Urban Roads under Mixed Traffic Conditions. Transportation Research Procedia, 48, 1227-1243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.145
Adolfsson, P., Lindblad, J., & Peacock, S. (2021). Translations of sustainability in urban planning documents — A longitudinal study of comprehensive plans in three European cities. Cities, 119, 103360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103360
Andreev, D. V., & Makarova, M. (2022). Development of Digital Technologies in the Transport Infrastructure of Yakutia. Transportation Research Procedia, 61, 426-430. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.01.069
Annaka, S., & Higashijima, M. (2021). Political liberalization and human development: Dynamic effects of political regime change on infant mortality across three centuries (1800-2015). World Development, 147, 105614. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105614
Asibey, M. O., Poku-Boansi, M., & Adutwum, I. O. (2021). Residential segregation of ethnic minorities and sustainable city development. Case of Kumasi, Ghana. Cities, 116, 103297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103297
Beshir, M., Mohamed, M., Welch, S., & Rush, D. (2021). Modelling the effects of boundary walls on the fire dynamics of informal settlement dwellings. Fire Technology, 57(4), 1753-1781.
Bevan, A., & Wilson, A. (2013). Models of settlement hierarchy based on partial evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(5), 2415-2427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.025
Bhutoria, A., & Aljabri, N. (2022). Patterns of cognitive returns to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use of 15-year-olds: Global evidence from a Hierarchical Linear Modeling approach using PISA 2018. Computers & Education, 181, 104447. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104447
Bittencourt, T. A., & Giannotti, M. (2021). The unequal impacts of time, cost and transfer accessibility on cities, classes and races. Cities, 116, 103257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103257
Blaya, C. (2019). Cyberhate: A review and content analysis of intervention strategies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 163-172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.006
Choudhary, S. A., Khan, M. A., Sheikh, A. Z., Jabor, M. K., Nordin, M. S. b., Nassani, A. A., . . . Zaman, K. (2020). Role of information and communication technologies on the war against terrorism and on the development of tourism: Evidence from a panel of 28 countries. Technology in Society, 62, 101296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101296
Cibangu, S. K., & Hepworth, M. (2016). The uses of phenomenology and phenomenography: A critical review. Library & Information Science Research, 38(2), 148-160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2016.05.001
Conway, D., Robinson, B., Mudimu, P., Chitekwe, T., Koranteng, K., & Swilling, M. (2019). Exploring hybrid models for universal access to basic solar energy services in informal settlements: Case studies from South Africa and Zimbabwe. Energy Research & Social Science, 56, 101202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.05.012
Crane, C., & Malloy, M. (2021). The development of temporal-spatial meaning in personal recounts of beginning L2 writers of German. System, 99, 102498. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102498
Croes, R., Ridderstaat, J., Bąk, M., & Zientara, P. (2021). Tourism specialization, economic growth, human development and transition economies: The case of Poland. Tourism Management, 82, 104181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104181
Daniels, R. H. (2021). Spatio-temporal modelling of informal settlement growth using a hybrid GIS and CA-Markov model.
Daramola, A. Y. (2018). Transport operations and sustainable development in the informal economy: The case of commercial motorcycles in Ibadan. Cities, 81, 101-107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.03.019
Dekel, T., Meir, A., & Alfasi, N. (2019). Formalizing infrastructures, civic networks and production of space: Bedouin informal settlements in Be'er-Sheva metropolis. Land Use Policy, 81, 91-99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.09.041
Denis, M., Cysek-Pawlak, M. M., Krzysztofik, S., & Majewska, A. (2021). Sustainable and vibrant cities. Opportunities and threats to the development of Polish cities. Cities, 109, 103014. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103014
Dotsey, S., & Lumley-Sapanski, A. (2021). Temporality, refugees, and housing: The effects of temporary assistance on refugee housing outcomes in Italy. Cities, 111, 103100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103100
Dziecielski, M., Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P., & Ratajczak, W. (2021). Basins of attraction around large cities - A study of urban interaction spaces in Europe. Cities, 119, 103366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103366
Esposito, G., Clement, J., Mora, L., & Crutzen, N. (2021). One size does not fit all: Framing smart city policy narratives within regional socio-economic contexts in Brussels and Wallonia. Cities, 118, 103329. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103329
Falco, E., Zambrano-Verratti, J., & Kleinhans, R. (2019). Web-based participatory mapping in informal settlements: The slums of Caracas, Venezuela. Habitat International, 94, 102038. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102038
Hachmann, S., Jokar Arsanjani, J., & Vaz, E. (2018). Spatial data for slum upgrading: Volunteered Geographic Information and the role of citizen science. Habitat International, 72, 18-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.011
He, C., He, S., Mu, E., & Peng, J. (2022). Environmental economic geography: Recent advances and innovative development. Geography and Sustainability, 3(2), 152-163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2022.05.002
Heider, B., & Siedentop, S. (2020). Employment suburbanization in the 21st century: A comparison of German and US city regions. Cities, 104, 102802. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102802
Jin, X., Bolt, G., & Hooimeijer, P. (2021). Africans in Guangzhou: Is the ethnic enclave model applicable in the Chinese context? Cities, 117, 103320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103320
Karimimoshaver, M., & Winkemann, P. (2018). A framework for assessing tall buildings' impact on the city skyline: Aesthetic, visibility, and meaning dimensions. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 73, 164-176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2018.08.007
Kholmi, M., Triyuwono, I., Purnomosidhi, B., & Sukoharsono, E. G. (2015). Phenomenology Study: Accountability of a Political Party in the Context of Local Election. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 731-737. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.094
Komar, J., Chow, J. Y., Kawabata, M., & Choo, C. Z. Y. (2022). Information and Communication Technology as an enabler for implementing Nonlinear Pedagogy in Physical Education: Effects on students’ exploration and motivation. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(1), 44-49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.02.001
Kubeš, J., & Ouředníček, M. (2022). Functional types of suburban settlements around two differently sized Czech cities. Cities, 127, 103742. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103742
Kuffer, M., Persello, C., Pfeffer, K., Sliuzas, R., & Rao, V. (2019). Do we underestimate the global slum population? Paper presented at the 2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE).
Kuipers, G., Sezneva, O., & Halauniova, A. (2022). Culture beyond words: Using visual Q-methodology to study aesthetic meaning-making. Poetics, 91, 101655. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2022.101655
Larsson, A., Elldér, E., Vafeiadis, E., Curtis, C., & Steiner, A. (2022). Exploring the potential for sustainable accessibility across settlement types. A Swedish case. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 107, 103297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103297
Liu, W., Henneberry, S. R., Ni, J., Radmehr, R., & Wei, C. (2019). Socio-cultural roots of rural settlement dispersion in Sichuan Basin: The perspective of Chinese lineage. Land Use Policy, 88, 104162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104162
Logie, C. H., Berry, I., Okumu, M., Loutet, M., McNamee, C., Hakiza, R., . . . Mbuagbaw, L. (2022). The prevalence and correlates of depression before and after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration among urban refugee adolescents and youth in informal settlements in Kampala, Uganda: A longitudinal cohort study. Annals of Epidemiology, 66, 37-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.11.005
Mazumdar, K., Sen, I., & Parekh, S. (2022). Vignettes of mothering through the pandemic: A gendered perspective of challenges and making meaning of motherhood in India. Women's Studies International Forum, 90, 102539. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102539
Mens, J., van Bueren, E., Vrijhoef, R., & Heurkens, E. (2021). A typology of social entrepreneurs in bottom-up urban development. Cities, 110, 103066. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103066
Menshawy, A. E., Shafik, S., & khedr, F. (2016). Affordable Housing as a Method for Informal Settlements Sustainable Upgrading. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 223, 126-133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.330
Mohamed, A. A., Ubarevičienė, R., & van Ham, M. (2022). Morphological evaluation and regeneration of informal settlements: An experience-based urban design approach. Cities, 128, 103798. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103798
Mora, L., Kummitha, R. K. R., & Esposito, G. (2021). Not everything is as it seems: Digital technology affordance, pandemic control, and the mediating role of sociomaterial arrangements. Government Information Quarterly, 38(4), 101599. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101599
Morley, J. (2019). Phenomenology in nursing studies: New perspectives – Commentary. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 93, 163-167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.002
Mudau, N., & Mhangara, P. (2021). Investigation of Informal Settlement Indicators in a Densely Populated Area Using Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery. Sustainability, 13(9), 4735.
Muhula, S., Opanga, Y., Oramisi, V., Ngugi, C., Ngunu, C., Carter, J., . . . Memiah, P. (2021). Impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV/AIDS programming in Kenya: evidence from Kibera informal settlement and COVID-19 hotspot counties. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6009.
Nhamo, L., Rwizi, L., Mpandeli, S., Botai, J., Magidi, J., Tazvinga, H., . . . Mabhaudhi, T. (2021). Urban nexus and transformative pathways towards a resilient Gauteng City-Region, South Africa. Cities, 116, 103266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103266
Nikuze, A., Sliuzas, R., Flacke, J., & van Maarseveen, M. (2019). Livelihood impacts of displacement and resettlement on informal households - A case study from Kigali, Rwanda. Habitat International, 86, 38-47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.02.006
Pourrajabi, M., & Bijani, H. R. (2020). Study of the role of cultural capital on extent of use of communications and technology information (Case Study: Residents of Rasht). Rasaneh, 30(4), 49-70.
Sahoo, M., Gupta, M., & Srivastava, P. (2021). Does information and communication technology and financial development lead to environmental sustainability in India? An empirical insight. Telematics and Informatics, 60, 101598. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101598
Sakurai, M., & Murayama, Y. (2019). Information technologies and disaster management – Benefits and issues. Progress in Disaster Science, 2, 100012. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100012
Saroj, A., & Pal, S. (2020). Use of social media in crisis management: A survey. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 48, 101584. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101584
Simpson, P., & Ash, J. (2020). Phenomenology and Phenomenological Geography. In A. Kobayashi (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition) (pp. 79-84). Oxford: Elsevier.
Spencer, C., & Bevan, A. (2018). Settlement location models, archaeological survey data and social change in Bronze Age Crete. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 52, 71-86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2018.09.001
Stiphany, K., Ward, P. M., & Perez, L. P. (2021). Informal settlement upgrading and the rise of renting in São Paulo, Brazil. Under Review.
Tian, Y., Qian, J., & Wang, L. (2021). Village classification in metropolitan suburbs from the perspective of urban-rural integration and improvement strategies: A case study of Wuhan, central China. Land Use Policy, 111, 105748. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105748
Torkayesh, A. E., & Torkayesh, S. E. (2021). Evaluation of information and communication technology development in G7 countries: An integrated MCDM approach. Technology in Society, 66, 101670. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101670
Tura, N., & Ojanen, V. (2022). Sustainability-oriented innovations in smart cities: A systematic review and emerging themes. Cities, 126, 103716. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103716
Valenzuela-Levi, N., Fuentes, L., Ramirez, M. I., Rodriguez, S., & Señoret, A. (2022). Urban sustainability and perceived satisfaction in neoliberal cities. Cities, 126, 103647. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103647
Vásquez, W. F., & Alicea-Planas, J. (2018). Unbundling household preferences for improved sanitation: A choice experiment from an urban settlement in Nicaragua. Journal of Environmental Management, 218, 477-485. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.085
Wang, Y., Beshir, M., Cicione, A., Hadden, R., Krajcovic, M., & Rush, D. (2021). A full-scale experimental study on single dwelling burning behavior of informal settlement. Fire Safety Journal, 120, 103076.
Wang, Y., Beshir, M., Hadden, R., Cicione, A., Krajcovic, M., Gibson, L., & Rush, D. (2022). Laboratory experiment of fire spread between two informal settlement dwellings. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 171, 107195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2021.107195
Wu, R., Huang, X., Li, Z., Liu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2019). Deciphering the meaning and mechanism of migrants' and locals' neighborhood attachment in Chinese cities: Evidence from Guangzhou. Cities, 85, 187-195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.09.006
Yang, X., Dong, X., & Yi, C. (2022). Informal housing clearance, housing market, and labor supply. Labour Economics, 102199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102199
Zambon, I., & Salvati, L. (2019). Metropolitan growth, urban cycles and housing in a Mediterranean country, 1910s–2010s. Cities, 95, 102412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102412
Zaręba, A., Widawski, K., Kołodziejczyk, K., Krzemińska, A., Marek, A., & Rozenkiewicz, A. (2021). City profile: Poznań – One of the “normals” in the centre of Europe. Cities, 111, 103095. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103095
Zazyki, M. A., da Silva, W. V., de Moura, G. L., Kaczam, F., & da Veiga, C. P. (2022). Property rights in informal settlements. Cities, 122, 103540. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103540
Zhan, Y. (2021). Beyond neoliberal urbanism: Assembling fluid gentrification through informal housing upgrading programs in Shenzhen, China. Cities, 112, 103111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103111
Zhao, P., & Zhang, M. (2018). Informal suburbanization in Beijing: An investigation of informal gated communities on the urban fringe. Habitat International, 77, 130-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.01.006
Zheng, W., & Barker, A. (2021). Green infrastructure and urbanisation in suburban Beijing: An improved neighbourhood assessment framework. Habitat International, 117, 102423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102423
Zhu, J., & Guo, Y. (2022). Social justice in spatial change:transition from autonomous rural development to integrated urbanization in China. Cities, 122, 103539. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103539
Preipheral Urban Spaces Development
Volume 4, Issue 2 - Serial Number 8
Autumn and Winter
November 2022
Pages 35-66

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics