Introduction
Peri-Urban areas are not only influenced by internal forces and ongoing trends in their environment, but they are also impacted by external trends in various ways (Saedi et al., 2009: 307). This issue is common in the Peri-Urban regions of the country, especially in the outskirts of Ardabil, which have both general and specific features. Consequently, the villages in this region, after assuming the central role of Ardabil province, have undergone drastic changes in various dimensions.
 
Methodology
The geographical area under study is the central part of Ardabil County. The scientific paradigm governing the research, its interpretive and methodological approach, is qualitatively based on inductive reasoning and is sectional research after the formation of the province in 1993. The research population includes 20 villages within the jurisdiction of Ardabil city. Sampling in these villages was done with a targeted method and a theoretical saturation approach by collecting statistical data from 28 participants. Data collection methods include documentary and fieldwork, and tools related to this method, namely fish tagging and fish. In the fieldwork method, preliminary data was gathered using semi-structured interview techniques, and analytical reasoning was used for data and information analysis.
 
Results and discussion
The mentioned region has long been considered a hub for agriculture and recreational destinations due to favorable environmental factors and natural attractions. However, following the establishment of Ardabil province and as a result of the adverse effects of various external factors, they have faced numerous environmental challenges such as the disappearance of recreational spaces and natural landscapes, water resource limitations, and visual and environmental pollution. The social and cultural dimensions of villages have also undergone transformations due to factors like modernization, urbanization, increase in population and decrease in household size, rising migration, cultural alienation, insecurity, and the disappearance of lands and pastures due to land acquisition for housing development projects, which resulted in restricted access to water resources and weakened productive resources in many villages. This led to the substitution of occupations with services, capital flow, land price increases, and the emergence of speculation and land trading in rural areas. Furthermore, the implementation of development projects has led to physical transformations such as the integration of some villages and peri-urban lands into cities, unauthorized constructions, land use changes, rural landscape alterations, the formation of dual structures, shrinking residential block dimensions, the creation of secondary homes, and more. In addition, five years after the establishment of the province, village local governance shifted from village councils to village heads, and although most villages now have village heads, they still face various challenges such as the insufficient adaptation of village governance structure and regulations to the structural-functional characteristics of peri-urban villages, lack of integrated urban and rural management, and lack of participation in developing expansion plans.
Conclusion
The villages in this region, after the formation of the province and being influenced by the significant changes in this city, along with issues in the city and village management systems, are facing numerous challenges in various aspects. The past, current, and future trends are highly unstable. The results of studies and research by researchers such as Saeedi and Imani (2014), Safarnzhad and Saeedi (2019), and others have shown generalizability and in order to overcome these challenges, a rethink is necessary. Drawing on global and local experiences, a review of strategies, policies, and programs, as well as a reassessment of the executive intervention methods within the framework of physical-spatial development planning, is crucial.
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the
manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.