Introduction
Sustainability is recognized as a crucial approach to all forms of development, including tourism and its various patterns. The sustainable development of second home tourism in rural areas aims to achieve sustainability across all dimensions of tourism development. This holistic and comprehensive approach seeks to maximize the benefits of second home tourism while minimizing its negative impacts, thereby contributing to the sustainability of rural areas. Second home tourism, one of the most popular forms of tourism in rural regions, has a significant connection with environmental resources and influences various aspects of rural life. Its sustainable development can be assessed across three key dimensions: economic, social-cultural, and physical-environmental. Given that multiple groups play a role in the formation and development of second home tourism and are considered stakeholders, it is essential to study this field comprehensively by involving these stakeholders in the sustainability process. Doing so allows for a thorough identification of the capabilities, challenges, and opportunities for the development of second home tourism in these destinations, enabling the formulation of effective policies for its sustainable development. In light of this, the present research evaluates stakeholders' attitudes towards the sustainability of this tourism model in the rural areas of Shiraz city.
Methodology
The research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, with data collection carried out through both documentary and field methods. The theoretical framework and literature review were compiled using the documentary method, while field data was gathered through four distinct questionnaires targeting local residents, second home tourists, entrepreneurs, and local managers. The sample size for local residents was determined using Cochran's Formula for 250 households. For local managers, a total of 33 individuals were included (comprising one villager, the head of the council, and one council member from each village). Due to limited information on entrepreneurs and second home owners, a sample of 15 individuals was chosen for each category in each village. To analyze the data, a combination of descriptive and inferential statistical methods, along with non-statistical methods, was employed.
 
Results and discussion
The research findings, utilizing the barometer method, reveal that the sustainability score for second home tourism development is 0.49 in the ecosystem welfare dimension and 0.509 in the human welfare dimension. Both scores place the sustainability of this development at a medium stability level. These findings are consistent with previous research on the sustainability of rural tourism development, aligning with the work of Akbarian Ronizi (2012), Yari Hesar and Heydari Sarban (2014), Yari Hesar and Bakhter (2016), Karmi Dehkordi and Bahrami Deh Toti (2020. All these studies report an average level of sustainability in rural tourism development within their respective study areas. Moreover, the analysis of stakeholders' attitudes toward the sustainability of second home tourism in the sample villages highlights a significant gap in perceptions across the three dimensions: economic, socio-cultural, and physical-environmental. This finding is in line with the results reported by Mowahed et al. (2020), indicating that stakeholders' attitudes are not fully aligned, which may impact the overall sustainability of second home tourism in these rural areas.
 
 
Conclusion
This study analyzed stakeholders' attitudes towards the sustainability of second home tourism in the rural areas surrounding Shiraz metropolis. The findings revealed significant differences in attitudes among stakeholders, indicating that the overall sustainability of second home tourism development in these areas is at a medium level. Among the sample villages, Bajgah stood out with the highest sustainability score, placing it in the "good" sustainability category. Villages such as Kadanj, Kodian, Dasht Arjan, Tafhian, and Dehno Qalandari were found to be at a medium level of sustainability, while Qalat village ranked lowest, falling into the "poor" sustainability category.
Specifically, in the economic and physical environmental dimensions, Bajgah and Qalat villages exhibited the highest and lowest sustainability scores, respectively. For the economic dimension alone, Kodian had the highest score, while Tafhian had the lowest. Given the growth of second home tourism in these rural areas, and based on the study's results, the following considerations should be prioritized by development planners:
1- Policy Review and Sustainable Development Principles:
   - Reevaluate the policies governing second home tourism development in these villages.
   - Adopt sustainable tourism development principles to prevent uncontrolled growth beyond the carrying capacity of the destinations.
2- Enhancing Economic Sustainability:
   - Since the economic dimension scored the lowest among the three studied dimensions, it's crucial to prioritize the improvement of economic sustainability. Economic benefits are vital for garnering stakeholder support for tourism development.
3- Regulating Construction and Land Use:
   - With the rise in second home tourism and the associated increase in construction, local managers need to collaborate with relevant organizations, particularly the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, to:
     - Enforce regulations requiring permits for second home construction.
     - Monitor construction activities to ensure compliance with laws.
     - Develop policies to regulate land transactions, land use changes, and prevent the conversion of agricultural land in rural areas.
By addressing these areas, it is possible to enhance the sustainability of second home tourism in rural areas around Shiraz, ensuring that development benefits both the local economy and environment.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.